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Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) ((パシュトー語:خان عبدالغفار خان)), nicknamed as Bāchā Khān (Pashto: , lit. "king of chiefs") or Pāchā Khān (), was a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim.〔An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications ISBN 978-0-7619-3618-3〕 A close friend of Mohandas Gandhi, Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier Gandhi" in British India. Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters, and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement.〔 Bacha Khan strongly opposed the All-India Muslim League's demand for the partition of India.〔〔 When the Indian National Congress declared its acceptance of the partition plan without consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders, he felt very sad and told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."〔(Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives )〕 After partition, Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to Pakistan and demanded an autonomous "Pashtunistan" administrative unit within the country, but he was frequently arrested by the Pakistani government between 1948 and 1954. In 1956, he was again arrested for his opposition to the One Unit program, under which the government announced to merge the former provinces of West Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan, and Baluchistan States Union into one single polity of West Pakistan. Bacha Khan also spent much of the 1960s and 1970s either in jail or in exile. Upon his death in 1988 in Peshawar under house arrest, following his will, he was buried at his house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. Tens of thousands of mourners attended his funeral, marching through the Khyber Pass from Peshawar to Jalalabad, although it was marred by two bomb explosions killing 15 people. Despite the heavy fighting at the time, both sides of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the communist army and the mujahideen, declared a ceasefire to allow his burial.〔 == Early years == Ghaffar Khan was born on 6 February 1890 into a generally peaceful and prosperous family from Utmanzai in the Peshawar Valley of British India. His father, Bahram Khan, was a land owner in the area commonly referred to as Hashtnaghar. Ghaffar was the second son of Bahram to attend the British run Edward's mission school, since this was the only fully functioning school because it was run by missionaries. At school the young Ghaffar did well in his studies, and was inspired by his mentor Reverend Wigram to see the importance of education in service to the community. In his 10th and final year of high school, he was offered a highly prestigious commission in The Guides, an elite corp of Pashtun soldiers of the British Raj. Young Ghaffar refused the commission after realising that even The Guides officers were still second-class citizens in their own country. He resumed his intention of university study, and Reverend Wigram offered him the opportunity to follow his brother, Dr. Khan Sahib, to study in London. An alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University, Ghaffar eventually received the permission of his father. Ghaffar's mother wasn't willing to lose another son to London. So Ghaffar began working on his father's lands, while attempting to discern what more he might do with his life.〔(The Peacemaker of the Pashtun Past ) By KARL E. MEYER ''The New York Times''. 7 December 2001.〕 In 1910, at the age of 20, Bacha Khan opened a mosque school at his hometown Utmanzai. In 1911, he joined independence movement of the Pashtun independence activist Haji Sahib of Turangzai. However, in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan )〕 Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Bacha Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of ''Anjuman-e Islāh-e Afāghina'' (, "Afghan Reform Society") in 1921, and the youth movement ''Pax̌tūn Jirga'' (, "Pashtun Assembly") in 1927. After Bacha Khan's return from the Hajj pilgrimage at Mecca in May 1928, he founded the Pashto language monthly political journal ''Pax̌tūn'' (, "Pashtun"). Finally, in November 1929, Bacha Khan founded the ''Khudāyī Khidmatgār'' (, "Servants of God") movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters. They suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement from the British Raj. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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